CANADA

THE HOLOCAUST: THE ROMA. CANADIAN REFUGEES?

BY AVRUM ROSENSWEIG

Avrum.rosensweig@veahavta.org

FROM THE CANADIAN JEWISH NEWS

http://www.cjnews.com/index.php?q=node/100140

Some call the Nazi persecution of the Gypsies “the forgotten Holocaust.”

According to Toby Sonneman, the author of Shared Sorrows: A Gypsy Family Remembers the Holocaust, “this story still has not been told fully… and this lack of recognition impacts not only how we understand the past but also how we see the present.”

Sonneman adds, “Without full acknowledgment that Gypsies were victims of the Holocaust, too little attention is paid to the current situation in Europe, where Gypsies are frequently victims of prejudice and racially motivated mob attacks.”

Here are some facts you should know.

• The “Gypsies” or the “Roma,” an ethnic group from India, arrived in Europe in the late Middle Ages and became a part of the ethnic mix of many countries.

• 1929: the Germany establishes the Centre for the Fight Against Gypsies.

• 1933: Jews, Gypsies and disabled are classified as “inferior peoples” in Germany.

• The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 aimed at the Jews are amended to include the Gypsies.

• 1936: the first German Gypsies are arrested and deported to Dachau concentration camp.

• 1938: June 13-18, 1,000 Gypsies are deported to concentration camps. Late summer, 3,000 more are deported from Austria. On Nov. 9-10, Kristallnacht, the notorious night of broken glass, occurred in Germany.

• 1940: 3,000 Gypsies are deported to Poland, and trainloads of Gypsies are transported from Vienna.

• 1941: Gypsy children are expelled from public schools in the Reich. Gypsies from Lackenbach concentration camp are deported to Lodz Ghetto in Poland.

• 1942: 5,000 Gypsies are deported from Lodz concentration camp to Chelmno and killed in mobile gas vans.

• 1942: Nazi extermination camps in occupied Poland begin gassing Jews, Gypsies and others, and Gypsies are transferred from Buchenwald to Auschwitz to build a Gypsy enclosure in Birkenau.

• 1943: most Gypsies in Germany are arrested and sent to Auschwitz.

• 1944: The Gypsy camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau is liquidated, and 3,000 Gypsies are gassed in a single night.

• 1945: Nazis evacuate Auschwitz and prisoners begin “death marches” toward Germany.
It’s generally thought 500,000 Gypsies were murdered by the Nazis. Some sources, however, suggest the number could be much higher.

On Aug. 5, 2012, 5,000 neo-Nazis marched on Devecser, a Hungarian village that’s populated mostly by Roma, yelling, “You are going to die here.” They threw water bottles and stones at houses where Roma lived. Most of the mob was bused in. The leaders of the groups marching included Gabor Ferenczi of Jobbik, a far-right political party that won 16 per cent of the vote in the last Hungarian elections. Recently, Jobbik called for a list of “influential Jews” in Hungary. In 2009, a Roma father and son were murdered there. Google “Roma Hungary.” There is much more.

Here’s what Amnesty International says about the Roma today: “The Roma community suffers massive discrimination throughout Europe. Denied their rights to housing, employment, health care and education, Roma are often victims of forced evictions, racist attacks and police ill treatment. Roma are among the most deprived communities in Europe. Romani children are frequently unjustifiably placed in ‘special’ schools, where curtailed curricula limit their possibilities for fulfilling their potential.”

In December, the Canadian government created a list of 27 “safe” countries. Refugee claims filed by people from these countries are mostly considered to be bogus. These refugee claimants will be fast-tracked, with no right of appeal for a negative decision. Hungary is on that list.

Avrum.rosensweig@veahavta.org

IDLE NO MORE

IDLE NO MORE: HINTS OF A GLOBAL SUPER-MOVEMENT

BY JACOB DEVANEY

FROM THE HUFFINGTON POST

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-devaney/idle-no-more-the-beauty-o_b_2393053.html

What started as a murmur in early October from First Nations People in Canada in response to Bill C45 has become a movement that echoes the sentiments of people all over the world, a battle cry of love for the planet, "Idle No More." At first glance it might appear that this movement is isolated and doesn't effect you if you are not native or if you don't live in Canada, yet it does. It may appear that this resistance is not related to The Occupy Movement, The Arab Spring, The Unify Movement, Anonymous, or any of the other popular uprisings sparked by social unrest, but it is.

At its very core, all of these movements have very common threads and are born from common issues facing people everywhere. Those who represent financial interests that value money over life itself, that are devoid of basic respect for human decency, and for nature have dictated the future for too long and people everywhere are standing up to say, "No more." This non-violent social uprising is viral in the minds and hearts of everyone across the planet determined to bring healing to our troubled communities, our planet, and the corruption that is eroding the highest places of governments around the world.

Flashmobs with dancing and drumming at a malls in Olympia, Wash. Tempe, Ariz., Denver, Colo., a giant circle dance blocking a large intersection in Winnipeg, rail blockades in Quebec, this movement is using cultural expression combined with modern activism to get attention, and it is working. From their website, "Idle No More calls on all people to join in a revolution which honors and fulfills Indigenous sovereignty which protects the land and water. Colonization continues through attacks to Indigenous rights and damage to the land and water."

Idle No More was started in October by four ladies; Nina Wilson, Sylvia McAdam, Jessica Gordon & Sheelah McLean who felt it was "urgent to act on current and upcoming legislation that not only affects First Nations people but the rest of Canada's citizens, lands and waters." On December 11 Attawapiskat Chief, Theresa Spence, launched a hunger strike requesting a face-to-face meeting with Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper to discuss broken treaties and protection of natural resources. Spence is staying in a tipi on the frozen Ottawa River facing Parliament Hill and has gained the support from many natives and non-natives who are in solidarity with this movement.

Chief Arvol Lookinghorse from South Dakota recently expressed his support in a letter posted on Facebook that states, "As Keeper of our Sacred White Buffalo Calf Pipe, I would like to send out support for the efforts of Chief Theresa Spence of the Attawapiskat First Nation, for giving of herself through fasting with prayers for the protection of Mother Earth." He goes on to say,

This effort to protect Mother Earth is all Humanity's responsibility, not just Aboriginal People. Every human being has had Ancestors in their lineage that understood their umbilical cord to the Earth, understanding the need to always protect and thank her. Therefore, all Humanity has to re-connect to their own Indigenous Roots of their lineage -- to heal their connection and responsibility with Mother Earth and become a united voice... All Nations, All Faiths, One Prayer.

Society and nature work in similar ways to our own body's immune system. We are given a symptom that causes us to be aware that there is an illness that needs to be addressed. We can try to suppress the symptom, but that does not heal the illness. Popular uprisings with very core commonalities are spreading all over the planet. Exploitation of our environment, as well as the exploitation of people and cultures for the sake of financial gain is immoral and must be stopped at the highest levels of our governments. It is possible to have a thriving economy and environmental ethics.

Here in America, the response to Occupy is tucked into NDAA as Washington prepares ways to suppress the symptoms of social discord. Without addressing the illness at its root nothing will change. It is like the mythical Many-Headed Hydra, if you cut one head off, two more will grow back. Popular uprisings will continue here and all over the world until leaders understand that people want real fundamental change in policy. Governments should lead by example if they want to be respected.

With Twitter, Facebook and the internet, these separate movements are finding solidarity with each other and converging as a global super-movement for the planet and all people. The quote used at Unify is, "Everyone, Everywhere, Together" and it is beginning to resonate more than ever.

Each of these movements share a commitment to non-violent revolution in their call to end the exploitation of people and the exploitation of natural resources. Sustainability can be applied to all aspects of social rights, economics and the environment. Social, economic, cultural, and environmental movements, resistance, civil disobedience, flash mobs and more will continue until this is addressed at home and abroad. Whether it is Anonymous and Wikileaks exposing the corruption of governments, or Indians with drums dancing and chanting in a local mall, people everywhere are awakening, speaking up, and acting for the needed changes. It's time for politicians and religious leaders to get the message everywhere.

It is a simple choice: continue to be part of the cancer that slowly destroys our water, our air and the resources that are the fabric of life by staying unconscious, or become the conscious antidote that slowly kills the cancerous disease which threatens the existence of life on the planet? Is the disease capitalism, corruption, ignorance, greed, The Illuminati, or some combination of all of these things spiralling out of control? It doesn't matter because it is becoming obvious that there are people from all nationalities, religions, and cultural backgrounds who are determined to resist the progression of imminent destruction. A factory producing monkey wrenches for the gears of the machine which is at the center of our collective demise.

Will the leaders wake up to this in order to play the roles they have sworn to uphold or will they further discredit their position, their institutions, and help to destroy the very systems that they have been entrusted to maintain? Every time Congress represents the will of a few wealthy people over the interests and the well-being of the planet and the people, they do more to subvert and destroy the state than ten thousand people protesting in the streets. When leaders fail, they destroy the trust that holds society together.

Is Harper cold and callous enough to ignore a constituent on hunger strike a short distance from his office? Can he afford to ignore these issues? Can any of us afford to ignore this call to be idle no more?

Take a moment and listen to the eloquent words of an 11-year-old girl in the video below. If a child can understand this, how come world leaders are still silent on making real changes to address these urgent issues?

Please support Idle No More, learn more about the movement, how it effects all of us and get involved. All of our futures depend on it.

LINGUA FRANCA

LINGUISTIC IDEALISM: TIME TO DUMP ENGLISH AS EUROPE'S LINGUA FRANCA

BY CHRISTOPHE GERMANN
FROM WORLDCRUNCH

PHOTO WHAT IF ROMANI BECAME EUROPE'S OFFICIAL LANGUAGE?

BY VINACUIUS PEREIRA
   
http://www.worldcrunch.com/source-partner/opinion-analysis/linguistic-idealism-time-to-dump-english-as-europe-039-s-lingua-franca/roma-romani-gypsy-english-europe/c7s10176/       

GENEVA -

The Nobel Peace Prize was just given to the European Union, consecrating 60 years of peace in almost all the countries of the bloodiest continent in human history. In his speech on October 12, EU president Barroso said that the prize was a "justified recognition for a unique project that works for the benefit of its citizens and also for the benefit of the world."

It is now high time to replace the language of the victors of the last Great War and the Cold War -- English -- by that of the most mistreated people in the Old World: Romani, the European language par excellence. Many dialects of this language, which is the object of standardization efforts, are spoken in Europe's 42 countries by the long persecuted Roma.

In this perspective, after six decades of economic integration, the quest for a genuine and sustainable political integration would take place through cultural integration, via the strength of the language of Europe's weakest people.

To carry out this project of unification in diversity, it would be necessary for Roma to teach their fellow European citizens this new lingua franca. This process would be in the spirit of the founders of Europe, combining functionalism with idealism, realism with utopianism.

Hundreds of thousands of teachers of Romani would create a new linguistic universe to communicate throughout Europe, without having to resort to the language of today's dominators. These men and women would contribute to transforming a continent of ancient wars into a continent of durable peace.

Together with the language of our parents and ancestors, this newly taught and learned language shared with our neighbors would help create bridges in culture, politics, and economics that are indispensable to the new European family.

Thus, the seventh decade of peace in Europe would usher a new era of real dialogue between individuals and peoples, where the weakest language would elevate the strongest. In this way, all power-based distinctions between human beings would be suppressed, in order to achieve liberty, equality, and a united community that will enrich human diversity.

“Give me the knowledge of your language”

Romani, which is as much a traditional language as it is a language of mobility, would allow people to rise above any inequality arising from their arbitrary affiliations -- lucky or unlucky -- with human groups.

The granddaughter of the Gypsy who sharpened my Swiss grandmother's knives would teach my daughter the lingua franca, and my daughter would teach the other girl her own languages. To the beggar in the street, holding out his cupped hand, you would answer, "Give me the knowledge of your language and I will give you money so that we can prosper together."

Michel Onfray, the atheist philosopher, recalls the Biblical sense of the confusion of languages. "In the beginning was Babel. Everyone knows the story. Humans all spoke the same language, called Adamic because it was the language spoken by Adam. Then they decided to build an immense tower that would pierce the heavens. Such a design would mean that humans living in the same element as God would become de facto his equals. This Promethean desire acts as another formulation of original sin, because to taste of the fruit of the tree of knowledge is to know everything about everything: in other words, again, to equal God. There was a punishment for Eve's action, which we all remember. It was the same for the builders of Babel: a confusion of languages."

Europe and the United States have both known slavery -- the consequences of which are still visible today. For centuries, African-Americans and Roma were considered as objects, without rights. This was the cause of the most terrible injustices to individual people. Today, slavery is considered a crime against humanity in international law. Perhaps one day the same thing will happen with institutional sexism.

North America and the European countries that have been most hurt by the economic crisis -- Greece, Spain, Italy, France and Portugal -- have never been directed by women within recent history. And still we speak of "mother tongues!”

The Romani language would give Europe what Louis Braille offered the blind: an Adamic or Evic language, which will contribute to a better knowledge and understanding of others. By using the language of the dominated group, Europe will free itself from the dominator's language, thus suppressing any kind of domination, whether over Europe or by Europe.

Christophe Germann is a lawyer and a researcher.

IDLE NO MORE

WHY IDLE NO MORE MATTERS

FROM HONOR THE EARTH

http://www.honorearth.org/news/why-idle-no-more-matters

BY WINONA LADUKE

As Attawapiskat Chief Theresa Spence enters her third week on a hunger strike outside the Canadian capital building, thousands of protesters in Los Angeles, London, Minneapolis and New York City, voice their support. Spence and the protesters of the Idle No More Movement, are drawing attention to some deplorable conditions in Native communities, and recently passed legislation C-45, which sidesteps most Canadian environmental laws.

"Flash mob" protests with traditional dancing and drumming have erupted in dozens of shopping malls across North America, marches and highway blockades by aboriginal groups across Canada and supporters have emerged from as far away as New Zealand and the Middle East.

This weekend, hundreds of Native people and their supporters held a flash mob round dance, with hand drum singing, at the Mall of America, again as a part of the Idle No More protest movement.

This quickly emerging wave of Native activism on environmental and human rights issues has spread like a wildfire across the continent.

Prime Minister Harper: “Check your Injun Light”

A group of natives from Aamjiwnaang First Nation in Sarnia pitched a pick up truck across the tracks of a CN rail spur and blocked train traffic Friday in support of the Idle No More native protest in Ottawa. The blockade began just after Boxing Day, that famed Canadian holiday and has continued.
The Aamjiwnaang blockade is one of hundreds , drawing attention to recent legal changes in Canadian law, which eliminate many environmental regulations.

A center of controversy is the $6 billion tar sands pipeline to the Pacific, which will cross over 40 Native nations, all of whom have expressed opposition. The legislative changes could expedite approval of this and many other projects – all of which are in Aboriginal territories.
“Idle No More”, is Canadian for, “That’s Enough BS, we’re Coming out to Stop you”, or something like that. Canada often touts a sort of “ better than thou” human rights position in the international arena, has , for instance, a rather small military, so it’s not likely to launch any pre-emptive strikes against known or unknown adversaries, and , has often sought to appear as a good guy, more so than it’s southern neighbor . More than a few American ex patriots moved to Canada during the Vietnam war, and stayed there, thinking it was a pretty good deal.

That is sort of passe , particularly if you are a Native person. And, particularly if you are Chief Theresa Spence. Spence is the leader of Attawapiskat First Nation- a very remote Cree community from James Bay, Ontario- at the bottom of Hudson Bay.

The community’s on reserve 1,549 residents ( a third of whom are under l9) have weathered quite a bit, the fur trade, residential schools, a status as non-treaty Indians, and limited access to modern conveniences- like a toilet, or maybe electricity. This is a bit common place in the north, but it has become exacerbated in the past five years, with the advent of a huge diamond mine.

Enter DeBeers, the largest diamond mining enterprise in the world.

The company moved into northern Ontario in 2006 . The Victor Mine reached commercial production in 2008 and was voted “Mine of the Year” by the readers of the international trade publication Mining Magazine. The company states it is “is committed to sustainable development in local communities.”

This is good to know. This is also where the first world meets the third world in the north, as Canadian MP Bob Rae discovered last year on his tour of the rather destitute conditions of the village.

Infrastructure in the Sub Arctic is in short supply. There is no road into the village eight months of the year, four months a year, during freeze up , there’s an ice road. A diamond mine needs a lot of infrastructure. And that has to be shipped in, so the trucks launch out of Moosonee, Ontario. Then, they build a better road. The problem is that the road won’t work when the climate changes, and already stretched infrastructure gets tapped out.

There is some money flowing in, that’s sure.

A 2010 report from DeBeers states that payments to eight communities associated with its two mines in Canada totalled $5,231,000 that year. Forbes Magazine reports record diamond sales by the world’s largest diamond company “… increased 33 percent, year-over-year, to $3.5 billion….The mining giant, which produces more than a third of the world’s rough diamonds, also reported record EBITDA of almost $1.2 billion, a 55 percent increase over the first the first half of 2010.” .

As the Canadian Mining Watch group notes “Whatever Attawapiskat’s share of that $5-million is, given the chronic under-funding of the community, the need for expensive responses to deal with recurring crises, including one that DeBeers themselves may have precipitated by overloading the community’s sewage system, it’s not surprising that the community hasn’t been able to translate its … income into improvements in physical infrastructure.” Last year, Attawapiskat drew international attention , when many families in the Cree community were living in tents.

The neighboring Kaschewan Village is in similar disarray. They have been boiling water, and importing water. The village almost had a complete evacuation due to health conditions, and , “ … fuel shortages are becoming more common among remote northern Ontario communities right now,” Alvin Fiddler, Deputy Grand Chief of the Nishnawbe Aski Nation, a regional advocacy network explained to a reporter. That’s because the ice road used to truck in a year’s supply of diesel last winter did not last as long as usual. “Everybody is running out now. We’re looking at a two-month gap” until this winter’s ice road is solid enough to truck in fresh supplies, Mr. Fiddler said in an interview.

Kashechewan’s chief and council are poised to shut down the band office, two schools, the power generation centre, the health clinic and the fire hall because the buildings were not heated and could no longer operate safely. “ In addition some 21 homes had become uninhabitable,” according to Chief Derek Stephen . Those basements had been flooded last spring, as the weather patterns changed. Just as a side note, in 2007, some 21 Cree youth from Kashechewan attempted to commit suicide, and the Canadian aboriginal youth suicide rate is five times the national average.  

Both communities are beneficiaries of an agreement with DeBeers.

The Lost Boys of Aamjiwnaang

Back at Aamjiwnaang, the Ojibwe have blockaded the tracks.

Those are tracks that are full of chemical trains, lots of them. There are some 62 industrial plants in what the Canadian government calls Industrial Valley. The Aamjiwnaang people would like to call it home , but they’ve a few challenges in their house.

“If the prime minister will not listen to our words, perhaps he’ll pay attention to our actions,” Chief Chris Plain explained to the media.

There’s a recent Men’s Health magazine article called,“ The Lost Boys of Aamjiwnaang”. That’s because the Ojibwe Reserve of Aamjiwnaang has few boys. Put it this way, in a normal society, there are about l05 boys to l00 girls, born, that’s the odds for a thousand years or so. However, at Aamjiwnaang, things are different.

Between l993 and 2003, there had been two girls born for every boy to the tribal community, one of the steepest declines ever recorded in birth gender ratio. As one reporter notes, “these tribal lands have become a kind of petri dish for industrial pollutants.

And in this vast, real-time experiment, the children of Aamjiwnaang (AHM-ju-nun) are the lab rats. I might have written "boys of Aamjiwnaang," but actually, there are a lot fewer of them around to experiment on. ..”

This trend is international, particularly in more industrialized countries, and the odd statistics at Aamjiwnaang, are indicative of larger trends. The rail line, known as the St. Clair spur, carries CN and CSX trains to several large industries in Sarnia’s Chemical Valley . Usually four or five trains move through a day, all full of chemicals. The Ojibwe have faced a chronic dosage of chemicals for twenty five years, and are concerned about the health impacts.

They are also concerned about proposals to move tar sands oil through their community in a pre-existing pipeline.

The Idle No More movement is fired by the recent passing of the omnibus budget Bill C-45, which was approved by the Senate in a 50-27 vote. Aboriginal leaders charge the Conservative government with pushing the bill through without consulting them. They note the bill infringes on their treaty rights, compromises ownership of their land and takes away protection for Canada’s waterways .

In the US, the Native community has been coming out in numbers and regalia to support the Canadian Native struggle to protect the environment- drawing attention at the same time to simlar concerns and issues here in the US. For instance, Ojibwe from the Keewenaw Bay Community in Michigan , rallied against a Rio Tinto Zinc mine project, and Navajo protesters in Flagstaff continued opposing a ski project with manufactured snow at a sacred mountain.

Pamela Paimeta , a spokesperson for the Idle No More movement in Canada, urges the larger community to see what is occuring across the country as a reality check. “the first Nations are the last best hope that Canadians have for protecting land for food and clean water for the future- not just for our people but for Canadians as well. So this country falls or survives on whether they acknowledge- or recognize and implement those aboriginal and treaty rights. So they need to stand with us and protect what is essential.”

The Chief Occupies

Meanwhile , Chief Theresa Spence is still hoping to meet with Prime Minister Stephen Harper, urging him to "open his heart" and meet with native leaders angered by his policies. "He's a person with a heart but he needs to open his heart. I'm sure he has faith in the Creator himself and for him to delay this, it's very disrespectful, I feel, to not even meet with us," she said.

The reality is that Attawapiskat, Aamjiwnaang and Kashachewan, are remote Native communities, which receive little or no attention, until a human rights crisis of great proportion causes national shame. Facebook and social media change and equalize access for those who never see the spotlight. ( Just think of Arab Spring).  

With the help of social media the Idle No More movement has taken on a life of its own in much the same way the first "Occupy Wall Street" camp gave birth to a multitude of "occupy" protests with no clear leadership.

"This has spread in ways that we wouldn't even have imagined," said Sheelah McLean, an instructor at the University of Saskatchewan , one of the four women who originally coined the "Idle No More" slogan. "What this movement is supposed to do is build consciousness about the inequalities so that everyone is outraged about what is happening here in Canada. Every Canadian should be outraged." Actually, we all should be outraged, and Idle no More.

THE PERSISTENCE OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST ROMA

THE PERSISTENCE OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST ROMA

BY JOHN FEFFER

FROM THE HUFFINGTON POST

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-feffer/discrimination-bulgaria_b_2385124.html?utm_hp_ref=email_share

PHOTO

Expelled: Hundreds of Roma gypsies were sent back to Bulgaria and Romania ...

www.dailymail.co.uk

Much has changed in Eastern Europe over 22 years. But one group that has seen relatively little improvement in its fortunes over this period has been the Roma. Unemployment levels among Roma remain high. Access to decent education, health care, and other social services is limited.

Representation in politics and business is minimal. And discrimination remains pervasive.

In interviews and casual conversations in the four southeastern European countries I visited this fall, I heard the same stereotypes about Roma repeated over and over again. And many of the people who trafficked in these stereotypes were highly educated, the people who are expected "to know better."

Maria Metodieva was, until recently, in charge of Roma issues at the Open Society Institute in Sofia, Bulgaria. She confirmed for me this most depressing fact. "We've done research on the type of people who are more likely to be discriminatory," she said. "The most educated people, in terms of higher education, discriminate the most. This is ridiculous. Once you have a good education, it means that you've been studying in a mixed environment, and you know much more about diversity and cultural pluralism."

But alas, there isn't as much cultural pluralism in Bulgaria as one might hope. The effort to desegregate schools and ensure that Roma and non-Roma mix in the classrooms has encountered push back. Economically, Roma continue to be marginalized, often living in crowded conditions in poor neighborhoods in cities like Plovdiv. Some successful Roma, borrowing a page from African-American history, "pass" as non-Roma if they can get away with it, which does little to upend common stereotypes.

And even very successful Roma who openly proclaim their heritage, like TV anchorwoman Violeta Draganova, have experienced the same, maddening discrimination that their less famous brothers and sisters face.

Here's another depressing fact. The OSI program has been quite successful in placing Roma interns in businesses in Bulgaria. But that success has been almost entirely in multinational businesses, Maria Metodieva reports, not with Bulgarian businesses. Roma don't just face a glass ceiling -- they face glass walls.

Europe is currently more than halfway through the Decade of Roma Inclusion. There have been conferences and studies and documentaries and political lobbying. And millions of Euros have been allocated to closing the gap between Roma and the rest of Europe. There have been some notable achievements, particularly in terms of the greater visibility of Roma issues. But it's easy to get discouraged when you come face to face with persistent discrimination.

On the other hand, the modern civil rights movement in the United States was at it for more than two decades before achieving the Voting Rights Act in 1965, and the election of an African-American president more than four decades later still doesn't mean that racism has been flushed out of the American system.

But many Roma, as they struggle against injustice and attempt to build a truly multiethnic democracy, keep their eyes on the prize. Maria Metodieva talked with me about OSI's programs on Roma and what has worked and hasn't worked in terms of policy approaches. She now works at the Trust for Social Achievement, which focuses on education, jobs, and capacity-building for marginalized communities in Bulgaria.

The Interview

The EU has put some funds into Roma issues. Have they made a difference?

It's too soon to tell. We became a member of the EU just recently, in 2007. Five years is not sufficient time for achieving any success. In addition to that, there is a lack of capacity and human resources in the government to absorb funds related to Roma. Increasing the capacity of the government to implement this kind of policy would be the best-case scenario.
At the same time, there is a lack of decision about whether the government will implement targeted policies for Roma or whether they will implement mainstream policies funded by the EU. This hesitancy and lack of understanding has led to a total confusion around spending money. They spend without a clear vision about the final product or the beneficiaries.

Are there programs in the region directed at Roma, or with Roma or by Roma, that you can point to and say, this is a great program, this is something that can serve as an important model?

I think that what works best is a mainstream policy that has an impact on socially vulnerable or challenged people. I've seen an example of social housing in Spain that has worked well both for Roma and for socially vulnerable groups. For me, this project would work anywhere because it is a mainstream program and it won't lose support from Roma or mainstream society.

I'll give you another example. We had a Roma-targeted policy funded by EU funds in Burgas here in Bulgaria. The municipality applied for the funds and the project was approved. The main goal of the project was the construction of social housing for Roma. But suddenly, the local community in Burgas opposed this construction and forced the mayor to withdraw from the project. So, basically, Roma-related projects won't work in Bulgaria.

To read the rest of the interview, click here.

 

Follow John Feffer on Twitter: www.twitter.com/johnfeffer

HAPPY 66TH PATTI SMITH

HAPPY BIRTHDAY, PATTI SMITH!


 
Here's a clip of Patti wishing a newborn baby a happy birthday.
http://youtu.be/I8VDN6kTFSw

and this is an interview i heard recently on NPR.
www.publicradio.org/columns/dinnerpartydownload/2012/12/episode-153-patti-smith-bryan-cranston-and-drinkable-shrubs.html.

it's the entire show, but she begins at 32:23

WOUNDED KNEE

PHOTO

Wounded Knee, 1890 Photograph - Wounded Knee, 1890 Fine Art Print - Granger

 

www.fineartamerica.com

On 29 December 1830, the Wounded Knee Massacre took place in South Dakota as an estimated 300 Sioux Indians were killed by US troops sent to disarm them.

And the beat goes on.

For more info about the Wounded Knee Massacre of 1830, and its aftermath visit:

http://siouxme.com/massacre.html

REQUIEM FOR AUSCHWITZ

INTERVIEW WITH ROMANI COMPOSER ROGER MORENO RATHGEB

FROM ROMEA.CZ

http://www.romea.cz/en/entertainment/interview-with-romani-composer-roger-moreno-rathgeb

PHOTO  ilustrační foto--

BY INKA JURKOVA, TRANSLATED BY GWENDOLYN ALBERT

Roger Moreno Rathgeb is, like many Romani musicians, self-taught, but he gradually began to use musical notation and to compose. Several years ago he decided to compose a requiem for the victims of the Auschwitz extermination camp, but his work was interrupted by a visit there which strongly impacted him and blocked his creative capabilities for several years. The impulse to complete the work came in the form of a request from Albert Siebelink, who suggested presenting the "Requiem for Auschwitz" at the International Gipsy Festival in Tilburg and then in other European cities.

A composer and multi-instrumentalist (he plays accordion, violin, double-bass, guitar, piano and drums), Rathgeb came to Prague for the first time ever to present his most extensive work to date, "Requiem for Auschwitz" (for more about this exceptional event, see http://www.romea.cz/cz/kultura/pocatkem-listopadu-predvedou-romsti-umelci-v-rudolfinu-koncert-requiem-za-osvetim).

We spoke together in the foyer of the Rudolfinum concert hall during the dress rehearsal, which we could hear underway on the other side of the wall. It was beautiful.

Q: You were born in Switzerland in 1956, which means 11 years after the war. Even though Switzerland was neutral, did you sense any of the aftermath of the war?

A: In reality there was no war in Switzerland, but there were other problems there. For example, at that time a particular Swiss organization was working to take children away from Romani families immediately after they were born and give them to infertile non-Romani married couples. That lasted until 1979. You could say that was a war, too, just a bit of a different one.

Q: Where did your parents come from?

A: My father was not Romani, he was a German Swiss. My mother was Romani - to be precise, she was Sinti - but she also was born in Switzerland. I was not raised in the traditional Romani environment of that time. My sister and I normally attended school. I didn't even know my mother was Romani until I was 12 or 13. Not only did we never speak Romanes at home, we never talked about being Romani. I basically don't even know how my parents met. My grandpa (that is, the father of my mother) passed away when she was six, so she de facto did not know his culture.

Q: You do speak Romanes, however. You learned it later?

A: Yes, sure. In 1980 my band and I were on a tour of Holland and I met several Sinti families of musicians. The band just left me there with them [laughs]. They only spoke the Sinti dialect of Romanes, and I immediately felt at home among them.

Q: Did you already know you were a Sinto by then?

A: Yes. When I was young, children in school would laugh at me and say I was a "gypsy", and I always defended myself against their accusations because I really didn't know anything about my origins. They must have sensed it somehow. Once I came home and complained about it to my mother and she revealed to me that I am Romani. It wasn't easy for her to say, she was a bit ashamed herself. Then, for many years, I had a problem with my identity. After all, I grew up as just a "normal" Swiss person, just like a gadjo.

Q: Do you identify as Romani/Sinti today?

A: I always had the feeling I was not like other Swiss people. I was a rebel. I protested against Swiss laws, against society, basically against everything. Swiss people have a completely different mindset. Inside I suspected I wasn't Swiss, that it couldn't be true. There just had to be something else.

Q: When did you decide to professionally devote yourself to music? What led you to that?

A: When I was 10, I got a guitar for my birthday from my grandmother (on my mother's side). She recognized that I had musical talent, even though I am the only one in the family who has dedicated himself to music. My family is totally unmusical otherwise.

Q: What kind of music do you like most? You're here in Prague for a concert of classical music, but do you also go in for traditional Romani music?

A: Yes, Romani music is definitely what I like the most. The road to classical music was a very long one for me, because for a long time I couldn't even read music.

Q: Where did you learn the music theory that is so necessary to composing a requiem?

A: I first encountered musical notation when I was 35. I was taking violin lessons and my teacher was a Hungarian Rom who played in the Maastricht Symphony Orchestra. It was he who first showed me musical notation, and by doing so he opened up a whole new world to me.

Q: In addition to classical and Romani music, what else speaks to you?

A: I'd say I basically love all music. Once I even played drums in a rock’n’roll band and to this day I have very warm feelings about that musical style, I enjoy it!

Q: You have worked in many different groups - which do you have the best memories of and which contributed the most to your life?

A: I'd say the Sinto family I started to play with after moving to Holland [the band Zigeunerorkest Nello Basily – Editors]. They played the traditional music of Romani people from Hungary, Romania, and Russia. From them, especially from the cimbalom [concert hammered dulcimer] player, I learned how to distinguish the Hungarian harmonies. Those are the best for learning accompaniment because they are constantly changing, and that makes it easier to accompany even songs you don't know. I came to the greatest depth of understanding in that band.

Q: Why did you decide to emigrate to Holland?

A: In 1980 we traveled with the band on a tour around Holland, and the mentality of people in that country immediately clicked with me. The Dutch are free-thinkers, unlike the Swiss, who are terribly conservative. The truth is, the Swiss don't like Romani people. The Dutch are open and tolerant, and they have a beautiful country. It was a very quick decision.

Q: You have written scripts for several theatrical performances - what were they?

A: We created two theatrical shows with the band. The first is called "The Long Journey", and it tells the story of the migration of Romani people from India to Europe. We called the second one "The Life", and in it we portray the daily life of Romani musicians. These are pastiches of music, poetry, and story-telling. We sat around a fire, played our instruments, and did our best to create the atmosphere of a Romani camp. The gadje don't know much about Romani people and often ask me about our culture and history. We wanted to somehow approximate our "Romani-ness" for them, because discrimination comes from ignorance in particular.

Q: How many people came to the show - was it mostly non-Romani people or Romani people?

A: We performed in theaters in Belgium, Germany and Holland, and most of them were attended mainly by gadje. It's sad - Romani people aren't interested in these things, I don't know why.

Q: You have come to Prague with your wife. Is she also a musician?

A: Yes, we perform together, it's how we make our living. It's brilliant that my composition is being played all over Europe, but I have not yet made any money from it, and I have to make a living somehow. We play in concert, we play at festivals and in theaters, at weddings and at various parties.

Q: You are one of the main figures in the film "Musicians for Life", which was created by Bob Entrop. Can you tell us about the film?

A: That film is one of the reasons I am now in Prague. Albert Siebelink, who is the director of the Romani festival in Tilburg, saw it, and there's an interview with me in it where I talk about "Requiem for Auschwitz". After seeing the film, Albert asked me whether I had completed the piece yet, but it wasn't ready. He promised that if I would complete it, he would arrange for it to be performed. I began work on it once more, but it took me another three years all the same.
"Musicians for Life" is not the only film I have collaborated on with Bob Entrop. I also perform in the documentary "A Hole in the Sky", which is about WWII survivors.

Q: When did you start to work on "Requiem"?

A: I first visited Auschwitz in 1998 and I immediately got the idea to write a requiem. I started working on it, but after some time all of my inspiration for it disappeared. I thought that if I returned to Auschwitz I would know how to continue, but that didn't happen - the complete opposite happened. I was just destroyed, it's a very macabre place. I set the work aside and did not return to the "Requiem" until eight years later.

Q: Would you call yourself a Romani (Sinti) activist?

A: Probably not - I'm just a musician. Naturally, if people see a message in my music, then that's brilliant.

Q: For a certain time you collaborated with opera singer Carla Schroyen. What was that project? Did your idea to create a great classical music work (like "Requiem for Auschwitz") start there?

A: Carla Schroyen sang various "gypsy" arias from operas and operettas and I accompanied her on accordion, but that didn't influence my composing. I had already dedicated myself to classical music prior to that.

Q: What was your first classical composition?

A: In 1995 I decided to try to write a ballet for an amateur dance ensemble in Maastricht. In the end, however, it turned into a symphonic-poetic work.

Q: Did you try to incorporate elements of Romani music into "Requiem for Auschwitz"?

A: A little, you can hear them in some places - there are several motifs that turn up repeatedly. "Requiem", however, is not dedicated only to the Romani victims, but to everyone who suffered or perished in Auschwitz. Before writing it I did not listen to any other requiems so I wouldn't be influenced by other works. It's me in "Requiem", not anyone else, which is why some Romani motifs have to be there.

Q: Do you see any difference between the genocide of the Jewish people and that of the Romani people?

A: It's completely the same thing. The numbers differ a bit, but that's not what is essential.

Q: You have played as an opening act for Chuck Berry, you have performed for the Dutch royal family, and "Requiem for Auschwitz" is being played in the most celebrated halls in Europe. What do you consider your greatest success so far? What are your other plans or dreams?

A: I am working on an oratorio about the migration of Romani people from India to Europe. I think it will be a much more extensive work than "Requiem". I also would like to write an opera about the Romani children taken away from their parents and placed with non-Romani families in Switzerland. As you can see, I have enough plans! [laughs]

 

Inka Jurková, translated by Gwendolyn Albert

The Gypsies’ Dance

By JONATHAN BLITZER

 

 

FROM INTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE, THE GLOBAL EDITION OF THE NEW YORK TIMES

IHT GLOBAL OPINION

http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/26/the-gypsies-dance/?ref=opinion

 

PHOTO  Dancer and choreographer Israel Galván rehearses “Lo Real/Le Réel/The Real” at the Teatro Real in Madrid.

Javier Del Real/European Pressphoto Agency

 

MADRID — The Seville-born Spanish choreographer and dancer Israel Galván looks unprepossessing: trim and lithe, his beard flecked with gray. Yet his style is explosively eclectic. From taut whirls and arching leaps he snaps into angular poses and syncopated glides.

International audiences know Galván best for bringing flamenco into a worldlier register. Now, he has created a program as bracing — and important — for its subject matter as for its choreography: Earlier this month at Madrid’s Teatro Real, Galván debuted “Lo Real/Le Réel/The Real,” about the half million Gypsies who were murdered in the Holocaust. Dance lovers are not the only ones who should be taking heed.

The plight of the Roma and the Sinti peoples — known collectively as the Gypsies, a misnomer that has stuck — under the Nazis is still regrettably obscure. And their continuing woes throughout Europe are a glaring reminder that prejudice is still alive on the Continent.

In Hungary, the rightist Jobbik party, playing to populist bigotry, has instigated violence against the Roma. Some regions of Italy toyed with so-called “Nomad Emergency” legislation, which paved the way for a rash of evictions, until that was declared unlawful by a national court. In 2010, President Nicolas Sarkozy of France unapologetically deported about 1,000 Roma. And in Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Germany, discrimination in public education consigns young Roma to life on the margins from an early age.

Galván’s show brings back into view the grim history behind these present slights. In 1938, Heinrich Himmler, head of the S.S., ordered Gypsies herded into concentration camps. It wasn’t until 1982, however, that the German government recognized the carnage against them as an attempted genocide. Last October, after years of delays because of artistic and financial hitches, the German government erected a memorial to the Roma in Berlin, designed by the Israeli sculptor Dani Karavan.

“Lo Real” goes much further, by staging without flinching how the Nazis’ violence played out personally and physically.

The show’s music, which ranges from popular forms like granaína and malagueña to a fandango-inflected arrangement of Antony and The Johnsons’ “Hitler in My Heart,” gives voice to diverse expressions of suffering. At one point Eduardo Bianco’s elegiac tango “Plegaria” plays over the words of the Romanian poet and Holocaust survivor Paul Celan’s “Death Fugue.”

Galván also pushes flamenco to its corporeal limits. Rhythmic stamps and thrusts, trilling hand gestures and expansive spins eventually fray and splinter on stage, calling attention to the torturers’ perverse admiration of the tradition. At times, Galván’s body seems to be warring with itself, lashed by torment but bent on liberation.

Flamenco is an especially poignant form for such exploration. The musical traditions of the Roma vary along regional lines, but Spanish flamenco, originating in Andalucía, has become particularly emblematic. “The Nazis were fascinated by the music and dance traditions of the gitanos,” Pedro Romero, the show’s artistic director, told me, referring to the Gypsies.

The filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl, a propagandist for the Third Reich, directed, acted and danced in a 1943 film called “Tiefland,” which used Central European Gypsies as extras: They were taken from concentration camps — returned there after filming and later killed. In “Lo Real,” Galván recasts Riefenstahl in a lurid cameo from beyond the grave. Played by dancer Isabel Bayón, she strides across the stage in a prurient sashay, pushing around a high-beam spotlight on wheels.

In the first part of the program, Galván and the dancer Belén Maya demolish a rectangular wooden box that resembles a piano. Then, they pull it apart across the stage. Five cords emerge, still affixed to both ends of the box: They look like the barbed wires of a fence, around a ghetto or concentration camp. But they also look like the lines of a musical staff.

In an arresting solo, Maya then entangles herself in the cords. It seems like an act of bondage, yet in her acrobatic writhing, she also incarnates musical notes pinging on the staff. Each movement of her body sounds before our eyes.

This is music borne of a body’s suffering. Watching that pain on stage, against the backdrop of continued discrimination against the Gypsies, it is impossible not to listen.

---

Jonathan Blitzer is a journalist and translator based in Madrid.

OPINION BY NESREEN MELEK

To The Americans Who Are Questioning The Death Of The Children In Connecticut

BY NESREEN MELEK

Nesreen Melek (about the author) 

PHOTO A mother with her daughter in her arms in the infantile hospital of Bagdad

www.axisoflogic.com   

OpEdNews Op Eds 12/26/2012 at 11:42:00

FROM OPEDNEWS.COM

http://www.opednews.com/articles/To-The-Americans-Who-Are-Q-by-Nesreen-Melek-121226-115.html


I was truly touched by the tears your president shed during his speech because of the killing the twenty beautiful children and the six remarkable adults as he called them. He reminded me of the tears I shed watching my country ruined by the shock and awe bombing during the last war on Iraq
almost ten years ago.
 
You gathered to mourn the death of those kids but when the war was launched, my sister who lived in the states that time and I cried alone as our family members were still in Iraq and we didn't know what happened to them. The American missiles didn't differentiate between children and adults during the war, all Iraqis were exposed to death all days long.
 
No one offered us condolences for the loss of our country, our dreams and our hopes for good days to come. We were alone with our grief; the whole world watched the continuous bombing in silence. Some people protested but their voices weren't heard. The leaders of the Middle East watched their brothers and sisters killed, your military bases were on their lands yet they did nothing to stop you from the war.
 
Your President called the kids who were killed at the school by names. Our children who were killed by the American bombs had no names. I remember a picture of bodies of small kids covered with blood and piled on the back of a truck, those kids were killed during the bombing of a small city in Iraq. No apologies where given to their parents or to the Iraqis for taking the lives of these kids... there were no teddy bears and no candles..
 
Do you know Abeer? Abeer is the Iraqi kid who was fifteen when she was raped in front of her family members by the American soldiers. The soldiers burnt the house to hide their atrocities. How many of the American people know the story of Abeer? .
 
The depleted uranium your troops used in Fallujah caused higher rates of cancer, leukemia and infant mortality? Young women in Fallujah in Iraq are terrified of having children because of the increasing number of babies being born deformed, with no heads, two heads, and a single eye in the foreheads or missing limbs. Do you know that young children in Fallujah are now experiencing cancers and leukemia?

We had endless shooting across my country by the American troops during the war and even after Iraq surrounded, many of your soldiers kept shooting at the civilians they thought were a threat. My relative's wife was shot by your soldier in a checkpoint when her husband didn't hear the soldier asking him to stop. The cause of the violence in Iraq wasn't complex as you concluded for your country. The cause was the brutality of the troops.
 
Yet in Iraq we don't hear someone walks in a shopping centre or in a school and start shooting people. But we heard that innocent people were killed by your troops, I wonder why?
 
As your president said in Connecticut a few days ago: "Let the little children come to me" Jesus said, "and do not hinder them, for to such belongs to kingdom of heaven"
 
For the Iraqi children who are alive after experiencing the war, they will watch the news and will feel for your children. Those who died and no one acknowledged their death they will belong to kingdom of heaven like the American children who lost their lives during the shooting and they will be one. Children are children and they deserve to be given the opportunity to live whether they are Iraqis or American.
 
One man took the life of the twenty beautiful children and the six remarkable adults, but your government took the life of thousands of beautiful children and remarkable adults in Iraq during the ugly war on Iraq.
 
Why does the death of the twenty children affect you so much when the death of the thousands of the Iraqi children was ignored?
 
Your loss is big but our loss is greater..

I am an Iraqi woman. I've been living in Canada since 1989. I left Baghdad in 1979 but Baghdad had never left me.

ROMANIA

THE UGLY GAME

BY VALERIU NICOLAE

FROM EUROZINE

http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2012-10-16-nicolae-en.html#.UNTNdGfFtVQ.email

UEFA's recent condemnation of the racist fans of Steaua Bucharest was the most powerful statement ever issued by a European institution against anti-Gypsyism and had a positive echo in the Romanian press. So why do EU bodies fail to take a similar stance?

 

On 24 September this year, over 30,000 people in the Romanian National Arena, joined by millions more on TV, watched the football match between Steaua and Rapid Bucharest. During the game, over 20,000 people repeatedly chanted, "We have always hated and will always hate the Gypsies." Calls of "die Gypsies" could also be heard throughout the game.

Before the game, the owner of Steaua, Gigi Becali, a member of the European Parliament, had stated that he was not afraid the other team would win since it was a well-known fact that "they drown just before reaching the shore".

The phrase derives from a punishment visited on Roma/Gypsies during the many hundreds of years Roma were slaves of the Romanian aristocrats and the Romanian Orthodox Church. Roma were covered in tar, rolled in feathers and then thrown into a river. Romanian aristocrats would watch them drown while trying to reach the shore. It may also relate to incidents during the Holocaust when Romanian officers shot at boats transporting Roma over the river to Transnistria – many Roma drowned before reaching the shore. Many more died of starvation.

 

The justification for the lack of official response to these racist chants in past years is that the fans of Rapid are nicknamed "the Gypsies".

However, on this occasion, among the racist banners displayed was one with the text "Respect Eugen Grigore". Grigore was a mass murderer who killed 24 Roma in 1970. In addition, during and at the end of the game, Steaua officials incited the fans to racism and even joined them in their chants.

Throughout September, a number of incidents across Europe demonstrated yet again the appalling levels of anti-Gypsyism prevalent within the European Union. The Policy Centre for Roma and Minorities in Bucharest reported the Romanian incident to the European Commission, the Council of Europe, the Fundamental Rights Agency, the OSCE and all intergovernmental bodies that have significant budgets dedicated to addressing Roma issues. We have reported similar or worst incidents in the past.

We also reported it to UEFA, the governing body of European football, and to the Romanian Football Federation (RFF), where we talked to people at the highest level. As soon as they received our report they called us to discuss the next steps. Two days later, the President of the RFF condemned anti-Roma racism in Romanian football in the strongest declaration of its kind ever issued by an influential institution in Romania. It was followed by a letter to the RFF from UEFA President Michele Platini expressing disgust at anti-Gypsyism in Romanian football, a move equally unprecedented at the European level. This was sent on 4 October before a European League game in which Steaua Bucharest were playing, and re-posted the next day on the RFF website – a clear, blunt statement that the RFF is serious about eliminating racism in football stadiums. It was the main subject of debate in the Romanian media the following day and resulted in hours of prime-time discussion on the subject.

According to EU intergovernmental organizations, the elimination of anti-Gypsyism is a priority; all complain about the lack of political will at the level of EU member states. If this is so, an open letter similar to that sent by Platini asking the Romanian Prime Minister to take an unequivocal public stand against such incidents would seem an obvious step on their part. As Platini's letter shows, such statements have the potential to produce a major impact on Romanian society and cost virtually nothing. The millions of euros spent on irrelevant meetings and research at the European level could have been vindicated by a simple letter. The Romanian media is clearly positive about the need to eliminate racist behaviour in the stadiums and the Prime Minister had nothing to lose; such a statement might even have increased his popularity.

The European Commissioner responsible for Roma issues is also responsible for anti-discrimination and justice; the director in charge of anti-discrimination received our report. The Council of Europe has a high representative on Roma issues and the OSCE a senior advisor for Roma and Sinti. The Fundamental Rights Agency spends vast sums on Roma reports and visits to countries to talk about Roma issues. Why did none of these institutions respond to the Steaua Bucharest incident and arguably miss one of the best opportunities they have ever had to push the Romanian political leadership into making a public statement against anti-Roma racism?

Bureaucratic and political careers in all these institutions are not helped by courageous moves targeting change or reform. Diplomacy is often mistaken for cowardice and the institutional logic within such bodies promotes subservience and a culture of zero criticism of the leadership. Critical voices from within and outside are easily subdued. Roma issues are complex and Europe needs to make significant financial and political efforts if it is to solve them; not a popular move nowadays.

The Israeli philosopher Avishai Margalit, in his argument for a Decent Society as opposed to the Just Society proposed by John Rawls, emphasized humiliation as a significant problem of state institutions when it comes to its vulnerable groups. The reaction of intergovernmental institutions compared with the reaction of UEFA means one of two things: either all these institutions are prime examples of humiliating institutions, or else they struggle with cowardice and incompetence. In either case reform is necessary.

CANADA

WHY IS THERE NO REFUGE FOR ROMA REFUGEES?

BY STEPHANIE J. SILVERMAN, EFRAT ARBEL AND JULIANNA BEAUDOIN

FROM THE HUFFINGTON POST, CANADA

http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/stephanie-j-silverman/roma-refugees-canada-immigration_b_2346160.html?utm_hp_ref=email_share

PHOTO www.globalnews.ca

Why Canada's "safe" country scheme offers no refuge for Roma refugees

On December 14, 2012, Jason Kenney, Canada's Minister of Citizenship, Immigration and Multiculturalism, unveiled the Federal government's "Designated Countries of Origin" list. This list is comprised of 27 countries, including 25 member states of the European Union, Croatia, and the United States of America. A designated country of origin (DCO) is a country declared as "safe," on grounds that it can provide adequate protection to its citizens and therefore not likely to produce refugees. The list is one part of the reforms tabled in Bill C-31, the Protecting Canada's Immigration System Act.

Refugee advocacy groups have detailed the many problems with the DCO policy. The Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers, for example, has deemed it "arbitrary, unfair, and unconstitutional," and called it a "travesty" that violates the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

The DCO policy denies refugee claimants hailing from so-called "safe" countries important procedural safeguards, opens the door to poor decision-making, and creates a real probability that people needing protection will be returned to their countries of origin to face persecution. Under the new regime, DCO claimants have only 30 days to prepare their claim, which is not enough time to meet with a lawyer and properly document their persecution. They are denied rights of appeal and the ability to remain in Canada while they ask the Federal Court to review their case. DCO claimants are also denied access to health care.

The DCO policy thus creates a radically different, two-tiered refugee determination system. It also discounts the treatment of some minority groups in so-called "safe" countries, such as religious minorities or sexual identity groups, and, perhaps most particularly, the Roma in Europe, whom Minister Kenney has repeatedly singled out as being "bogus."

Minister Kenney argues that as citizens of the European Union, Roma could simply seek asylum in another country within Europe if they face persecution. This is a misleading argument, since the Dublin Regulation prevents EU citizens from claiming asylum in other member states. Minister Kenney also interprets the lower-than-average acceptance rates for Hungarian Roma in Canada as proof that they are not refugees but either economic migrants seeking better opportunities in Canada or criminals intent on abusing Canada's generous social systems.

Minister Kenney's view of the Roma is ill-informed and incorrect. It ignores the well-founded complaints of Roma refugee claimants being taken advantage of by predatory immigration consultants in Canada. It also discounts the near 1,000-people accepted as refugees from Hungary by Canada's Immigration and Refugee Board in the last decade.

This tendency to cry "none is too many" against Roma has historical precedence in Canada as well as Europe. Throughout history, Romani people have been enslaved, sold, and evicted, as well as subjected to ethnic cleansing, persecution, discrimination, and prejudice. Many European countries forcibly sterilized Romani women until as recently as 2004, and many European countries still force Romani children to attend segregated schools. Canada instituted visa requirements for Hungarian nationals in 2001 and for Czech nationals in 1997 and 2009 as an openly-direct measure to keep Roma out of Canada (the visa periods were only lifted because of international pressure, including EU-Canada relations).

In the present-day, Roma comprise Hungary's largest minority. They are also the poorest, with the highest levels of unemployment and the lowest education rates. Extremist but politically powerful groups such as Jobbik advocate "swatting" Roma "parasites" from the country.

Jobbik's strong momentum in Hungary and the lack of police and institutional protection for Roma have encouraged a surge in hate crime-related violence. Amnesty International has criticized Hungary (and other DCO-EU countries, such as the Czech Republic) for failing to provide Roma equal protection from ethnic discrimination and hate-crime related violence. The Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights has also documented the shameful conditions faced by Roma in Hungary and throughout Europe.

By designating Hungary a "safe" country for refugees, Minister Kenney has made it difficult for Roma refugee claimants to seek asylum in Canada. Indeed, the DCO scheme marks a profound shift in Canada's approach to refugee protection: it shows Canada reneging on its commitment to provide every refugee claimant a fair hearing conducted in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice set out in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. It also shows Canada continuing a too-long tradition of stereotyping and vilifying Roma who desperately need protection. The DCO policy is not only extremely damaging for Roma who flee persecution, it also calls into question Canada's commitments to refugee protection under both domestic and international law.

1417: Germany's first known anti-Roma law comes into effect. Forty eight more laws come into force over the next three centuries.
1471: Swiss law banishes Roma from the country. 

1500s: England brands and enslaves Roma. Spain and Portugal enslave and sell Romani people. Roma are expelled from Norway and Denmark. 

1510: Switzerland orders the death penalty for any Roma within their region. Other European countries forbid the entry of Roma into their lands.  

1612: France evicts all Roma out of France by way of court order.  

1665: The "wholesale deportation" of Roma and "poor people" from England to Jamaica and Barbados is recorded. 

1700s: Austria forbid Roma to marry and orders Romani children into forced adoption/orphanages.  

1710-1721: Hungary outlaws Roma, and they become targets of "Gypsy hunts". Romani language and nomadic lifestyle are soon also outlawed and forbidden.  

1800s: Roma are expelled from Belgium and Denmark. Swabian (German) government organizes a conference on "Gypsy scum" (Das Zigeunergeschmeiss), where the military is empowered to keep Roma from settling. 

1855-1864: Romania frees all Roma from their enslavement - slavery existed in Romania since the 13-14th centuries.  

1900s: Germany, Slovakia, Switzerland, Norway enact special laws denying the rights of Roma to live in the country, impose laws detaining Roma in work camps; subject Roma women to forced sterilization; and order ethnic cleansing measures leading to WWII. 

1939-1945: Roma were ethnically targeted along with the Jews in the Holocaust. Death count ranges from 300,000 - 1.5 million.

 For more information on these topics:
"A Chronology of significant dates in Romani history" by Ian Hancock/The Romani Archives and Documentation Center (RADOC).
"The Roma as victims of genocide," by Ronald Lee for the Roma Community Centre.
"Timeline of the Persecution Against the Roma," by Facing History and Ourselves, compiled from multiple sources.
"A brief Romani Holocaust Chronology" by Ian Hancock, condensed from "Gypsy History in Germany and Neighboring Lands: A Chronology to the Holocaust and Beyond," in Nationalities Papers, 19(3):395-412(1991).